The $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] global will usually contain the domain/subdomain to which the current request was sent, but with a few caveats. In the context of a web request, the variable is set at the discretion of the web server and proxies, and Apache/Nginx may not pass that header along depending on their configuration - or may replace it with some other value such as the proxy's host. It's also not included in HTTP1.0 requests (though HTTP 1.0 clients are becoming scarce), and there is some concern that since it is derived from data sent by a client, there is some chance that it might contain undesired or arbitrary values.
Some environments will also populate $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'].
Within the WordPress APIs, a function to retrieve the domain exists in multi-site networks in the form of get_clean_basedomain(). However, outside of a multisite installation this function is unavailable. But we can take cues from it's implementation and create something similar which will parse the host out of the configured site URL (whether it's a domain name, IP address, or hostname):
/**
* Retrieves the current site's host domain, IP address, or hostname.
*
* @return string The site's host.
**/
function wpse377481_get_site_host() {
if( function_exists( 'get_clean_basedomain' ) )
return get_clean_basedomain();
return parse_url( get_site_url(), PHP_URL_HOST );
}
However you obtain the host string, the TLD can be considered as the substring proceeding the last .:
/**
* Retrieves the TLD for a given host string.
*
* @param string|null $host A host string. Defaults to the current site's host.
* @return string|false The TLD, or `false` if not applicable.
**/
function wpse377481_get_tld( $host = null ) {
if( $host === null )
$host = wpse377481_get_site_host();
if( rest_is_ip_address( $host ) )
return false; // An IP address has no TLD.
if( strpos( $host, '.' ) === false )
return false; // An isolated host name has no TLD.
return substr( $host, strrpos( $host, '.' ) + 1 );
}
While this could easily yield TLDs which are not actually part of the root zone (not to mention the last octet of an invalid IPv4 address), I think this behavior is desirable. Many people use the non-existent .test TLD for local development, for example. Or corporate intranets with internal DNS servers which leverage custom TLDs.